Pharmaceutical industry Exotoxins are not tested, but the exotoxins also highly antigenic (the substance it can stimulates the body to produce immonological reactions to that substance) proteins. They are produced at a low, constant rate from inside bacteria or are released as a result of lysis of the bacterial cell. Exotoxins can generate powerful antibody…
Most pharmaceutical companies monitor their drains to ensure product purity and safety. Most regulatory authorities require drain monitoring in sterile facilities.However, none of the regulators have demanded drain testing in OSD facilities.Recently, some OSD and API facilities removed drain testing. However, there is no need to perform drain maintenance in OSD facilities. This should be…
Psudomonas auriginosa and Psudomonas paraauriginosa both are the same?: No,These are different species belonging to the Pseudomonas genus, with different characteristics in pathogenicity and implications in research or clinical settings. It is necessary to use proper species names to communicate and understand scientific and medical contexts correctly. Although they are similar due to the same…
This article discusses a number of pharmaceutical industries that have a clean rooms, controlled environments, and aseptic processing zones.Maintaining the validity of these controlled areas requires regular cleaning, disinfection, and sanitization.To avoid microbial contamination, they use 70% IPA.Generally, 70% IPA is one of the disinfectants that is most frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry. What…
Isolation and identification of E. coli and Salmonella spp required meterials. Sewage sample, EMB agar medium, MacConkey Agar medium, Nutrient-Agar medium, sterilized laminar air-flow chamber, incubator, hot-air oven, autoclave, weighing balance, refrigerator, sterile petri-plates, sterile test tubes for serial dilution, autoclaved distilled water, L-shaped bent-glass rod for spreading the inoculum, sterile non-absorbent cotton, sterile pipettes,…
Mechanism of clotting in humans. A haematologist is a specialist who examines blood. First, there are two basic ways for understanding blood coagulation: 1. Aglutination: The process of clumping antigens with their corresponding antibodies. 2. Pricepitation: Precipitation occurs when soluble antigens attach to their soluble antibodies at the optimal temperature and pH, resulting in the…
Blood is the most vital fluid in the human body, comprising a significant number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Generally, blood grouping is categorized into two systems: the ABO system and the Rhesus system. In the ABO system, blood is classified into four distinct types: 1. A Group 2. B Group…
